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The Proton M's improvements included lower stage modifications to reduce structural mass, increase thrust, and fully use propellants. Generally a Briz-M ( Russian : Бриз meaning Breeze ) storable propellant upper stage is used instead of the Blok D or Blok DM stage, removing the need for multiple fuel supplies and oxygen top-off due to ...
The Proton-M, (Протон-М) ... The RD-0211 is a version of the RD-0210 modified with a heat exchanger used to pressurize the propellant tanks. The second stage ...
Hybrid-propellant rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellant, typically involving a liquid oxidizer being pumped through a hollow cylinder of solid fuel. All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some [note 3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage ...
Rocket propellant is used as reaction mass ejected from a rocket engine to produce ... N 2 O 4 /UDMH is the main fuel for the Proton rocket, older Long March rockets ...
On 19 April 1971 a Proton orbited Salyut 1 the first space station to orbit the Earth. [11] On 19 May 1971 a Proton launched the Mars 2 probe to Mars. The orbiter was identical to the Venera 9 bus, and the lander was the first man made object to reach the surface of Mars. [11] On 8 June 1975 a Proton launched the Venera 9 to Venus.
The Proton-K, also designated Proton 8K82K after its GRAU index or SL-12 after its model number, was a Russian, previously Soviet, carrier rocket derived from the earlier Proton. It was built by Khrunichev , and launched from sites 81/23 , 81/24 , 200/39 and 200/40 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan .
As of September 2015, 3 Proton-M/Blok DM-03 have been launched, of which 2 have failed. In the 2010 failure, the rocket was too heavy to reach orbit and reentered the atmosphere during a coast phase between the end of third stage flight and the beginning of the Blok DM-03's first burn, whilst the 2013 flight failed after the rocket went out of ...
This is a list of launches made by the Proton rocket between 1965 and 1969. All launches were conducted from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.The list includes the first five launches, which were conducted under the designations UR-500 and UR-500K, before the selection of the name Proton.