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Foam cells, also called lipid-laden macrophages, are a type of cell that contain cholesterol. These can form a plaque that can lead to atherosclerosis and trigger myocardial infarction and stroke. [1] [2] [3] Foam cells are fat-laden cells with a M2 macrophage-like phenotype.
A vulnerable plaque is a kind of atheromatous plaque – a collection of white blood cells (primarily macrophages) and lipids (including cholesterol) in the wall of an artery – that is particularly unstable and prone to produce sudden major problems such as a heart attack or stroke.
Both M1 and M2 macrophages play a role in promotion of atherosclerosis. M1 macrophages promote atherosclerosis by inflammation. M2 macrophages can remove cholesterol from blood vessels, but when the cholesterol is oxidized, the M2 macrophages become apoptotic foam cells contributing to the atheromatous plaque of atherosclerosis. [57] [58]
An atheroma, or atheromatous plaque, is an abnormal accumulation of material in the inner layer of an arterial wall. [1] [2]The material consists of mostly macrophage cells, [3] [4] or debris, containing lipids, calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue.
Atherosclerosis [a] is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, [8] characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries. This is a chronic inflammatory disease involving many different cell types and driven by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. [ 9 ]
Ross and Glomset initially proposed that endothelial cell uncovering was the first step in the development of atherosclerosis. [2] Other hypotheses have associated the role of infectious agents (e.g. cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori) in inflammatory responses in the arterial wall. [3]
Progression of atherosclerosis. A fatty streak is the first grossly visible (visible to the naked eye) lesion in the development of atherosclerosis.It appears as an irregular yellow-white discoloration on the luminal surface of an artery.
In experimental mice models of atherosclerosis, in which the gene for CD36 has been deleted, the mice have a greatly reduced number of atherosclerotic lesions. [10] CD36 can be found in many different cells, for example, insulin-responsive cells, hematopoietic cells like platelets, monocytes, and macrophages, endothelial cells, and specialized ...
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