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One-time pad. A format of one-time pad used by the U.S. National Security Agency, code named DIANA. The table on the right is an aid for converting between plaintext and ciphertext using the characters at left as the key. In cryptography, the one-time pad (OTP) is an encryption technique that cannot be cracked, but requires the use of a single ...
1 Control-C has typically been used as a "break" or "interrupt" key. 2 Control-D has been used to signal "end of file" for text typed in at the terminal on Unix / Linux systems. Windows, DOS, and older minicomputers used Control-Z for this purpose. 3 Control-G is an artifact of the days when teletypes were in use.
Data structure alignment is the way data is arranged and accessed in computer memory. It consists of three separate but related issues: data alignment, data structure padding, and packing. The CPU in modern computer hardware performs reads and writes to memory most efficiently when the data is naturally aligned, which generally means that the ...
numpy.org. NumPy (pronounced / ˈnʌmpaɪ / NUM-py) is a library for the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays. [ 3 ] The predecessor of NumPy, Numeric, was originally created by Jim Hugunin with ...
In mathematical analysis, the maximum and minimum[ a ] of a function are, respectively, the largest and smallest value taken by the function. Known generically as extremum, [ b ] they may be defined either within a given range (the local or relative extrema) or on the entire domain (the global or absolute extrema) of a function. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ...
The table lists ASCII characters, but it is the byte values that are encoded, even if a non-ASCII character set is in use; B/S (binary shift) is followed by a 5-bit length. If non-zero, this indicates that 1–31 8-bit bytes follow. If zero, 11 additional length bits encode the number of following bytes less 31.
Padding (cryptography) In cryptography, padding is any of a number of distinct practices which all include adding data to the beginning, middle, or end of a message prior to encryption. In classical cryptography, padding may include adding nonsense phrases to a message to obscure the fact that many messages end in predictable ways, e.g ...
The Zen of Python is a collection of 19 "guiding principles" for writing computer programs that influence the design of the Python programming language. [1] Python code that aligns with these principles is often referred to as "Pythonic". [2] Software engineer Tim Peters wrote this set of principles and posted it on the Python mailing list in ...