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Conditional probability distribution. In probability theory and statistics, the conditional probability distribution is a probability distribution that describes the probability of an outcome given the occurrence of a particular event. Given two jointly distributed random variables and , the conditional probability distribution of given is the ...
Heap's algorithm generates all possible permutations of n objects. It was first proposed by B. R. Heap in 1963. [ 1 ] The algorithm minimizes movement: it generates each permutation from the previous one by interchanging a single pair of elements; the other n−2 elements are not disturbed. In a 1977 review of permutation-generating algorithms ...
Stars and bars (combinatorics) In the context of combinatorial mathematics, stars and bars (also called "sticks and stones", [ 1 ] "balls and bars", [ 2 ] and "dots and dividers" [ 3 ]) is a graphical aid for deriving certain combinatorial theorems. It can be used to solve many simple counting problems, such as how many ways there are to put n ...
Overdetermined system. In mathematics, a system of equations is considered overdetermined if there are more equations than unknowns. [1][citation needed] An overdetermined system is almost always inconsistent (it has no solution) when constructed with random coefficients. However, an overdetermined system will have solutions in some cases, for ...
Combination. In mathematics, a combination is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter (unlike permutations). For example, given three fruits, say an apple, an orange and a pear, there are three combinations of two that can be drawn from this set: an apple and a pear; an apple ...
In mathematics, a linear combination or superposition is an expression constructed from a set of terms by multiplying each term by a constant and adding the results (e.g. a linear combination of x and y would be any expression of the form ax + by, where a and b are constants).
Covariance in probability theory and statistics is a measure of the joint variability of two random variables. [ 1 ] The sign of the covariance, therefore, shows the tendency in the linear relationship between the variables. If greater values of one variable mainly correspond with greater values of the other variable, and the same holds for ...
In combinatory logic for computer science, a fixed-point combinator (or fixpoint combinator), [1]: p.26 is a higher-order function (i.e. a function which takes a function as argument) that returns some fixed point (a value that is mapped to itself) of its argument function, if one exists.