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The total value produced by the economy is the sum of the values-added by every industry. The expenditure method is based on the idea that all products are bought by somebody or some organisation. Therefore, we sum up the total amount of money people and organisations spend in buying things. This amount must equal the value of everything produced.
For a government that uses accrual accounting (rather than cash accounting) the budget balance is calculated using only spending on current operations, with expenditure on new capital assets excluded. [2]: 114–116 A positive balance is called a government budget surplus, and a negative balance is a government budget deficit.
In layman's terms, after all costs are paid for there is neither profit nor loss. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In economics specifically, the term has a broader definition; even if there is no net loss or gain, and one has "broken even", opportunity costs have been covered and capital has received the risk-adjusted, expected return.
The net domestic product (NDP) equals the gross domestic product (GDP) minus depreciation on a country's capital goods. [1] [2]= Net domestic product accounts for capital that has been consumed over the year in the form of housing, vehicle, or machinery deterioration.
The growth accounting model is normally expressed in the form of the exponential growth function. As an abstract example consider an economy whose total output (GDP) grows at 3% per year. Over the same period its capital stock grows at 6% per year and its labor force by 1%.
In the case of GDP, a suitable price index is the GDP price index. In the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts, nominal GDP is called GDP in current dollars (that is, in prices current for each designated year), and real GDP is called GDP in [base-year] dollars (that is, in dollars that can purchase the same quantity of commodities as in ...
You can roll those losses forward and apply them to this year, leaving you with a net taxable capital gain of $4,000 (the $5,000 gain this year – the $1,000 total excess losses last year).
The Incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR) is the ratio of investment to growth which is equal to the reciprocal of the marginal product of capital. The higher the ICOR, the lower the productivity of capital or the marginal efficiency of capital. The ICOR can be thought of as a measure of the inefficiency with which capital is used. In most ...