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  2. Double-checked locking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-checked_locking

    In software engineering, double-checked locking (also known as "double-checked locking optimization" [1]) is a software design pattern used to reduce the overhead of acquiring a lock by testing the locking criterion (the "lock hint") before acquiring the lock. Locking occurs only if the locking criterion check indicates that locking is required.

  3. Covariance and contravariance (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contra...

    Therefore, both Java and C# treat array types covariantly. For instance, in Java String [] is a subtype of Object [], and in C# string [] is a subtype of object []. As discussed above, covariant arrays lead to problems with writes into the array. Java [4]: 126 and C# deal with this by marking each array object with a type when it is created ...

  4. Marker interface pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_interface_pattern

    The marker interface pattern is a design pattern in computer science, used with languages that provide run-time type information about objects.It provides a means to associate metadata with a class where the language does not have explicit support for such metadata.

  5. Plain old CLR object - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Old_CLR_Object

    Plain Old CLR Object is a play on the term plain old Java object from the Java EE programming world, which was coined by Martin Fowler in 2000. [2] POCO is often expanded to plain old C# object, though POCOs can be created with any language targeting the CLR.

  6. Singleton pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton_pattern

    A class diagram exemplifying the singleton pattern. In object-oriented programming, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to a singular instance. It is one of the well-known "Gang of Four" design patterns, which describe how to solve recurring problems in object-oriented software. [1]

  7. Language Integrated Query - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Integrated_Query

    It was renamed to Cω after Polyphonic C# (another research language based on join calculus principles) was integrated into it. Cω attempts to make datastores (such as databases and XML documents) accessible with the same ease and type safety as traditional types like strings and arrays. Many of these ideas were inherited from an earlier ...

  8. Multiple dispatch - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_dispatch

    Multiple dispatch or multimethods is a feature of some programming languages in which a function or method can be dynamically dispatched based on the run-time (dynamic) type or, in the more general case, some other attribute of more than one of its arguments. [1]

  9. Curiously recurring template pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiously_recurring...

    The curiously recurring template pattern (CRTP) is an idiom, originally in C++, in which a class X derives from a class template instantiation using X itself as a template argument. [1] More generally it is known as F-bound polymorphism , and it is a form of F -bounded quantification .