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In cancer cells, major changes in gene expression increase glucose uptake to support their rapid growth. Unlike normal cells, which produce lactate only when oxygen is low, cancer cells convert much of the glucose to lactate even in the presence of adequate oxygen. This is known as the “Warburg Effect.”
Acetate, propionate and butyrate are the three most common SCFAs. [3] Butyrate is particularly important for colon health because it is the primary energy source for colonocytes (the epithelial cells of the colon). [1] [2] The liver can use acetate for energy. [5]
Butyrate fermentation is a process that produces butyric acid via anaerobic bacteria. This process occurs commonly in clostridia which can be isolated from many anaerobic environments such as mud, fermented foods , and intestinal tracts or feces. [ 1 ]
In particular, butyrate inhibits colonic tumor cells and stimulates proliferation of healthy colonic epithelial cells. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] The explanation why butyrate is an energy source for normal colonocytes and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells, is the Warburg effect in cancer cells, which leads to butyrate not being properly metabolized.
Since butyrate inhibits the production of NF-kB and IFN-y, both involved in the pro-inflammatory response, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii acts as an anti-inflammatory gut bacterium. [13] [14] [15] By blocking the NF-kB pathway, F. prausnitzii indirectly inhibts the production of the pro-inflammatory IL-8, secreted by the intestinal epithelial ...
Peptide YY is a short (36-amino acid) peptide released from cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding. In the blood, gut, and other elements of periphery, PYY acts to reduce appetite; similarly, when injected directly into the central nervous system, PYY is also anorexigenic, i.e., it reduces appetite. [6]
For breast cancer, there is a replicated trend for women with a more "prudent or healthy" diet, i.e. higher in fruits and vegetables, to have a lower risk of cancer. [ 18 ] Unhealthy dietary patterns are associated with a higher body mass index suggesting a potential mediating effect of obesity on cancer risk.
The diet in the tropics tended [when?] to depend more heavily on plant foods, while the diet at higher latitudes tended more towards animal products. Analyses of postcranial and cranial remains of humans and animals from the Neolithic, along with detailed bone-modification studies, have shown that cannibalism also occurred among prehistoric humans.