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Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. [9] [10] Linezolid is active against most Gram-positive bacteria that cause disease, including streptococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides.Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include the anti-infective antibiotics vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, ramoplanin, avoparcin and decaplanin, corbomycin, complestatin and the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin.
However, these drugs did not address the entire spectrum of resistance of Gram-negative bacilli. [159] [160] According to the WHO fifty one new therapeutic entities - antibiotics (including combinations), are in phase 1-3 clinical trials as of May 2017. [157] Antibiotics targeting multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens remains a high priority.
MRSA can be eradicated with a regimen of linezolid, [87] though treatment protocols vary and serum levels of antibiotics vary widely from person to person and may affect outcomes. [88] The effective treatment of MRSA with linezolid has been successful [87] in 87% of people. Linezolid is more effective in soft tissue infections than vancomycin.
Gram-negative bacteria: Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Nitrofurans; Furazolidone: Furoxone: Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or enteritis: Nitrofurantoin(Bs) Macrodantin, Macrobid: Urinary tract infections: Oxazolidinones(Bs) Linezolid: Zyvox: VRSA ...
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics have low propensity to induce bacterial resistance and are less likely to disrupt the microbiome (normal microflora). [3] On the other hand, indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may not only induce the development of bacterial resistance and promote the emergency of multidrug-resistant organisms, but also cause off-target effects due to dysbiosis.
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Gram-negative bacteria harbor genes encoding for molecular pumps which can contribute to resistance of hydrophobic compounds like macrolides and lincosamides. [14] Out of the many families of multidrug resistance pumps, lincosamides are most commonly shunted through pumps belonging to the resistance-nodulation-cell division superfamily . [ 17 ]