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Backflow is a term in plumbing for an unwanted flow of water in the reverse direction. [1] It can be a serious health risk for the contamination of potable water supplies with foul water . In the most obvious case, a toilet flush cistern and its water supply must be isolated from the toilet bowl.
[4] [5] [6] A generalized model of the flow distribution in channel networks of planar fuel cells. [6] Similar to Ohm's law, the pressure drop is assumed to be proportional to the flow rates. The relationship of pressure drop, flow rate and flow resistance is described as Q 2 = ∆P/R. f = 64/Re for laminar flow where Re is the Reynolds number.
Turbulent boundary layers tend to be able to sustain an adverse pressure gradient better than an equivalent laminar boundary layer. The more efficient mixing which occurs in a turbulent boundary layer transports kinetic energy from the edge of the boundary layer to the low- momentum flow at the solid surface, often preventing the separation ...
Showing outlet flow velocity in a pipe. In outlet boundary conditions, the distribution of all flow variables needs to be specified, mainly flow velocity. This can be thought as a conjunction to inlet boundary condition. This type of boundary conditions is common and specified mostly where outlet velocity is known. [1]
Back pressure is the term used for the hydraulic pressure required to create a flow through a chromatography column in high-performance liquid chromatography, the term deriving from the fact that it is generated by the resistance of the column, and exerts its influence backwards on the pump that must supply the flow. Back-pressure is a useful ...
Back siphonage is not to be confused with backflow; which is the reversed flow of water from the outlet end to the supply end caused by pressure occurring at the outlet end. [51] Also, building codes usually demand a check valve where the water supply enters a building to prevent backflow into the drinking water system.
A typical nominal regulated gauge pressure from a medical oxygen regulator is 3.4 bars (50 psi), for an absolute pressure of approximately 4.4 bar and a pressure ratio of about 4.4 without back pressure, so they will have choked flow in the metering orifices for a downstream (outlet) pressure of up to about 2.3 bar absolute.
Internal flows of the compressor are in a very large adverse pressure gradient which tends to destabilize the flow and cause flow separation. A fully developed compressor surge can be modeled as a one-dimensional global instability of a compression system which typically consists of inlet ducts, compressors, exit ducts, gas reservoir, and ...