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The resonant length of the antenna is slightly shorter because of the extended electric "fringing fields" which increase the electrical length of the antenna slightly. An early model of the microstrip antenna is a section of microstrip transmission line with equivalent loads on either end to represent the radiation loss.
They were developed by Oliver Heaviside who created the transmission line model, and are based on Maxwell's equations. Schematic representation of the elementary component of a transmission line. The transmission line model is an example of the distributed-element model. It represents the transmission line as an infinite series of two-port ...
Microstrip is a type of electrical transmission line which can be fabricated with any technology where a conductor is separated from a ground plane by a dielectric layer known as "substrate". Microstrip lines are used to convey microwave -frequency signals.
It is the original type of microstrip antenna described by Howell in 1972. [1] The two metal sheets together form a resonant piece of microstrip transmission line with a length of approximately one-half wavelength of the radio waves. The radiation mechanism arises from fringing fields along the radiating edges. [2]
A microstrip filter using butterfly stubs. Radial stubs are a planar component that consists of a sector of a circle rather than a constant-width line. They are used with planar transmission lines when a low impedance stub is required. Low characteristic impedance lines require a wide line.
Applying the transmission line model based on the telegrapher's equations as derived below, [1] [2] the general expression for the characteristic impedance of a transmission line is: = + + where R {\displaystyle R} is the resistance per unit length, considering the two conductors to be in series ,
A taper is a transmission line with a gradual change in cross-section. It can be considered the limiting case of the stepped impedance structure with an infinite number of steps. [28] Tapers are a simple way of joining two transmission lines of different characteristic impedances.
When a transmission line is used in between the antenna and the transmitter (or receiver) one generally would like an antenna system whose impedance is resistive and nearly the same as the characteristic impedance of that transmission line, in addition to matching the impedance that the transmitter (or receiver) expects.