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Haplosporidium nelsoni is a pathogen of oysters that originally caused oyster populations to experience high mortality rates in the 1950s, [1] and still is quite prevalent today. The disease caused by H. nelsoni is also known as MSX (multinucleated unknown or multinuclear sphere X).
Perkinsus marinus is a species of alveolate belonging to the phylum Perkinsozoa. [1] It is similar to a dinoflagellate. [1] [2] It is known as a prevalent pathogen of oysters, causing massive mortality in oyster populations.
PSP affects those who come into contact with the affected shellfish by ingestion. [1] The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings—mainly saxitoxin, although several other toxins have been found, such as neosaxitoxin and gonyautoxins I to IV—are water-insoluble, and heat- and acid-stable.
The Florida Department of Health has added NSP to their list of reportable diseases. Additionally, since the mid-1970s the Florida Department of Environmental Protection has conducted monitoring of dinoflagellate levels and restricted the harvest of shellfish from nearby shellfish beds when levels are dangerously elevated.
Shellfish poisoning includes four syndromes that share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs (such as mussels, clams, oysters and scallops.) [1] As filter feeders, these shellfish may accumulate toxins produced by microscopic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, diatoms and dinoflagellates.
Vibrio vulnificus is an extremely virulent bacterium that can cause three types of infections: Acute gastroenteritis from eating raw or undercooked shellfish: V. vulnificus causes an infection often incurred after eating seafood, especially raw or undercooked oysters. It does not alter the appearance, taste, or odor of oysters. [14]
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Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is an illness caused by consumption of shellfish that contain the marine biotoxin called domoic acid. [1] In mammals, including humans, domoic acid acts as a neurotoxin, causing permanent short-term memory loss, brain damage, and death in severe cases.