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Perkinsus marinus is a species of alveolate belonging to the phylum Perkinsozoa. [1] It is similar to a dinoflagellate. [1] [2] It is known as a prevalent pathogen of oysters, causing massive mortality in oyster populations.
Vibrio vulnificus is an extremely virulent bacterium that can cause three types of infections: Acute gastroenteritis from eating raw or undercooked shellfish: V. vulnificus causes an infection often incurred after eating seafood, especially raw or undercooked oysters. It does not alter the appearance, taste, or odor of oysters. [14]
Haplosporidium nelsoni is a pathogen of oysters that originally caused oyster populations to experience high mortality rates in the 1950s, [1] and still is quite prevalent today. The disease caused by H. nelsoni is also known as MSX (multinucleated unknown or multinuclear sphere X).
PSP affects those who come into contact with the affected shellfish by ingestion. [1] The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings—mainly saxitoxin, although several other toxins have been found, such as neosaxitoxin and gonyautoxins I to IV—are water-insoluble, and heat- and acid-stable.
Shellfish poisoning includes four syndromes that share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs (such as mussels, clams, oysters and scallops.) [1] As filter feeders, these shellfish may accumulate toxins produced by microscopic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, diatoms and dinoflagellates.
The Florida Department of Health has added NSP to their list of reportable diseases. Additionally, since the mid-1970s the Florida Department of Environmental Protection has conducted monitoring of dinoflagellate levels and restricted the harvest of shellfish from nearby shellfish beds when levels are dangerously elevated.
Since the 1970s, outbreaks of oyster-vectored diseases have occurs throughout the world. The mortality rate of one disease causing bacteria Vibrio vulnificus , was high at 50%. [ 105 ] In 1978, an oyster-associated gastrointestinal infection affecting more than 2,000 people occurred in Australia.
Shellfish allergy is among the most common food allergies."Shellfish" is a colloquial and fisheries term for aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs such as clams, mussels, oysters and scallops, crustaceans such as shrimp, lobsters and crabs, and cephalopods such as squid and octopus.