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Internal control structure is a plan determining how internal control consists of these elements. [3] The concepts of corporate governance also heavily rely on the necessity of internal controls. Internal controls help ensure that processes operate as designed and that risk responses (risk treatments) in risk management are carried out (COSO II ...
Maker-checker (or Maker and Checker or 4-Eyes) is one of the central principles of authorization in the information systems of financial organizations. The principle of maker and checker means that for each transaction, there must be at least two individuals necessary for its completion. While one individual may create a transaction, the other ...
Hence, access control in computer systems and networks relies on access authorization specified during configuration. Most modern, multi-user operating systems include role-based access control (RBAC) where authorization is implicitly defined by the roles. User authentication is the process of verifying the identity of consumers. When an ...
Strict control of software and data changes will require that the same person or organizations performs only one of the following roles: Identification of a requirement (or change request); e.g. a business person; Authorization and approval; e.g. an IT governance board or manager; Design and development; e.g. a developer
The COSO framework defines internal control as a process, carried out by the board of directors, the administration and other personnel of an entity, designed to provide "reasonable security" with respect to the achievement of objectives in operations, financial reporting, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
The COSO 1992–1994 Framework defines each of the five components of internal control (i.e., Control Environment, Risk Assessment, Information & Communication, Monitoring, and Control Activities). Evaluation suggestions are included at the end of key COSO chapters and in the "Evaluation Tools" volume; these can be modified into objective ...
In computer security, general access control includes identification, authorization, authentication, access approval, and audit.A more narrow definition of access control would cover only access approval, whereby the system makes a decision to grant or reject an access request from an already authenticated subject, based on what the subject is authorized to access.
It serves to require the auditor to understand the client's accounting system and internal control system and to assess control risk and inherent risk. The objective is to determine the nature, timing and extent of substantive procedures in order to reduce audit risk to an acceptable low level.