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Creep behavior can be split into three main stages. In primary, or transient, creep, the strain rate is a function of time. In Class M materials, which include most pure materials, primary strain rate decreases over time. This can be due to increasing dislocation density, or it can be due to evolving grain size. In class A materials, which have ...
Primary Creep: the initial creep stage where the slope is rising rapidly at first in a short amount of time. After a certain amount of time has elapsed, the slope will begin to slowly decrease from its initial rise. Steady State Creep: the creep rate is constant so the line on the curve shows a straight line that is a steady rate.
Creep behavior can be described in three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary creep. When modeling solder, secondary creep, also called steady state creep (constant strain rate), is often the region of interest for describing solder behavior in electronics. Some models also incorporate primary creep.
In viscoplasticity, the development of a mathematical model heads back to 1910 with the representation of primary creep by Andrade's law. [9] In 1929, Norton [10] developed a one-dimensional dashpot model which linked the rate of secondary creep to the stress. In 1934, Odqvist [11] generalized Norton's law to the multi-axial case.
Superalloys are often cast as a single crystal in order to eliminate grain boundaries, which decrease creep resistance (even though they may provide strength at low temperatures). The primary application for such alloys is in aerospace and marine turbine engines. Creep is typically the lifetime-limiting factor in gas turbine blades. [2]
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This process of creep is sometimes known as "secondary consolidation" or "secondary compression" because it also involves gradual change of soil volume in response to an application of load; the designation "secondary" distinguishes it from "primary consolidation", which refers to volume change due to dissipation of excess pore water pressure.