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Postmodern philosophy is a philosophical movement that arose in the second half of the 20th century as a critical response to assumptions allegedly present in modernist philosophical ideas regarding culture, identity, history, or language that were developed during the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment.
The modern synthesis [a] was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis .
In 1985, biologist Robert G. B. Reid authored Evolutionary Theory: The Unfinished Synthesis, which argued that the modern synthesis with its emphasis on natural selection is an incomplete picture of evolution, and emergent evolution can explain the origin of genetic variation. [25] [26] [27]
Theories of the Postmodern: 55–66. Surrealism Without the Unconscious: 67–96. Spatial Equivalents in the World System: 97–129. Reading and the Division of Labor: 131–153. Utopianism After the End of Utopia: 154–180. Immanence and Nominalism in Postmodern Theoretical Discourse: 181–259. Postmodernism and the Market: 260–278.
The term "postmodern" was first used in 1870 by the artist John Watkins Chapman, who described "a Postmodern style of painting" as a departure from French Impressionism. [ 31 ] [ 35 ] Similarly, the first citation given by the Oxford English Dictionary is dated to 1916, describing Gus Mager as "one of the few 'post' modern painters whose style ...
In 1995, the landscape architect and urban planner Tom Turner issued a book-length call for a post-postmodern turn in urban planning. [13] Turner criticizes the postmodern credo of "anything goes" and suggests that "the built environment professions are witnessing the gradual dawn of a post-Postmodernism that seeks to temper reason with faith."
Postmodern art is a body of art movements that sought to contradict some aspects of modernism or some aspects that emerged or developed in its aftermath. In general, movements such as intermedia , installation art , conceptual art and multimedia , particularly involving video are described as postmodern .
Modern synthesis (20th century), the term coined by Julian Huxley in 1942 to denote the synthesis between Mendelian genetics and selection theory. Neo-Darwinism , the term coined by George John Romanes in 1895 to refer to a revision of Charles Darwin's theory first formulated in 1859.