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Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu among others, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B, viruses that cause the flu. [5] Many medical organizations recommend it in people who have complications or are at high risk of complications within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. [ 6 ]
The current production method is based on the first scalable synthesis developed by Gilead Sciences [4] starting from naturally occurring quinic acid or shikimic acid.Due to lower yields and the extra steps required (because of the additional dehydration), the quinic acid route was dropped in favour of the one based on shikimic acid, which received further improvements by Hoffmann-La Roche.
An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]
Aminoshikimic acid is an intriguing alternative to shikimic acid as a starting material for the synthesis of neuraminidase inhibitors such as the antiinfluenza agent oseltamivir. [3] Aminoshikimic acid is also a versatile chiral starting material for the synthesis of new pharmaceuticals.
Shikimic acid can also be extracted from the seeds of the sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) fruit, [2] which is abundant in North America, in yields of around 1.5%. For example, 4 kg (8.8 lb) of sweetgum seeds is needed for fourteen packages of Tamiflu. By comparison, star anise has been reported to yield 3% to 7% shikimic acid.
The treatment of equine lameness is a complex subject. Lameness in horses has a variety of causes, and treatment must be tailored to the type and degree of injury, as well as the financial capabilities of the owner. Treatment may be applied locally, systemically, or intralesionally, and the strategy for treatment may change as healing progresses.
Viferon is a suppository of (non-pegylated [12]) interferon alpha-2b, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and tocopherol (vitamin E) which was reported in two small studies to be as effective as arbidol. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Another interferon alfa-2b medicine, "Grippferon", nasal drops, is used for treatment and emergency prevention of Influenza and cold. [ 15 ]
2012 (Fixed-dose combo Stribild) 2014 (single pill) 2015 ; Emtricitabine: HIV Gilead Sciences NRTI 2003 Enfuvirtide: HIV Entry inhibitor 2003 Ensitrelvir: COVID-19: Shionogi: 3C-like protease inhibitor Entecavir: HIV NRTI 2005 Etravirine (Intelence) [8] HIV NNRTI 2008 Famciclovir: Herpes Zoster: Guanosine analogue 1994 Fomivirsen: AIDS Anti ...
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