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Gravitational collapse of a massive star, resulting in a Type II supernova. Gravitational collapse is the contraction of an astronomical object due to the influence of its own gravity, which tends to draw matter inward toward the center of gravity. [1] Gravitational collapse is a fundamental mechanism for structure formation in the universe.
The angular momentum of a stellar black hole is due to the conservation of angular momentum of the star or objects that produced it. The gravitational collapse of a star is a natural process that can produce a black hole. It is inevitable at the end of the life of a massive star when all stellar energy sources are exhausted.
A different reaction mechanism, photodisintegration, follows the initial pair-instability collapse in stars of at least 250 solar masses. This endothermic (energy-absorbing) reaction absorbs the excess energy from the earlier stages before the runaway fusion can cause a hypernova explosion; the star then collapses completely into a black hole. [5]
The Nobel Prize-winning event, [6] known as SN 1987A, was the collapse of a blue supergiant star Sanduleak -69° 202, in the Large Magellanic Cloud outside our Galaxy, 51 kpc away. [18] About 10 58 lightweight weakly-interacting neutrinos were produced, carrying away almost all of the energy of the supernova. [ 19 ]
Highly massive stars (with 25 or more times the mass of the Sun) can lose up to 10 −5 solar masses (M ☉) each year—the equivalent of 1 M ☉ every 100,000 years. [ 8 ] Type Ib and Ic supernovae are hypothesized to have been produced by core collapse of massive stars that have lost their outer layer of hydrogen and helium, either via winds ...
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The remains of this core will eventually become a neutron star. The collapse produces two reactions: one breaks apart iron nuclei into 13 helium atoms and 4 neutrons, absorbing energy; and the second produces a wave of neutrinos that form a shock wave. While all models agree there is a convective shock, there is disagreement as to how important ...
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