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The stepped reckoner or Leibniz calculator was a mechanical calculator invented by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (started in 1673, when he presented a wooden model to the Royal Society of London [2] and completed in 1694). [1]
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz or Leibnitz [a] (1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who is credited, alongside Sir Isaac Newton, with the creation of calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.
Thomas de Colmar Arithmometer (from 1852, significantly different from his 1820 model) uses Leibnitz stepped drum. Considered by many to be the first largely successful mechanical calculator, and the first to be produced in large numbers (thousands) – Gottfried Leibniz built his first stepped reckoner in 1694 and another one in 1706. [3]
Stepped Reckoner, 1672 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's mechanical calculator that could add, ... An analog computer used to model or simulate the UK economy.
Leibniz constructed just such a machine for mathematical calculations, which was also called a "stepped reckoner". As a computing machine, the ideal calculus ratiocinator would perform Leibniz's integral and differential calculus. In this way the meaning of the word, "ratiocinator" is clarified and can be understood as a mechanical instrument ...
In 1672, Gottfried Leibniz started designing an entirely new machine called the Stepped Reckoner. It used a stepped drum, built by and named after him, the Leibniz wheel , was the first two-motion calculator, the first to use cursors (creating a memory of the first operand) and the first to have a movable carriage.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716); German polymath, philosopher logician, mathematician. [1] Developed differential and integral calculus at about the same time and independently of Isaac Newton.
Backpropagation is an efficient application of the chain rule derived by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1673 [25] to networks of differentiable nodes. The terminology "back-propagating errors" was actually introduced in 1962 by Rosenblatt, [ 16 ] but he did not know how to implement this, although Henry J. Kelley had a continuous precursor of ...