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Map of Königsberg in Euler's time showing the actual layout of the seven bridges, highlighting the river Pregel and the bridges. The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a historically notable problem in mathematics. Its negative resolution by Leonhard Euler, in 1736, [1] laid the foundations of graph theory and prefigured the idea of topology. [2]
The Bristol Bridges Walk is a circular hiking route that is linked to the Königsberg bridge problem, a mathematical puzzle, which laid the foundation for graph theory, the mathematical study of networks. [2] [3] [4] The Bristol Bridges Walk presents a solution of the puzzle for the city of Bristol. [5]
First edition. Graph Theory, 1736–1936 is a book in the history of mathematics on graph theory.It focuses on the foundational documents of the field, beginning with the 1736 paper of Leonhard Euler on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg and ending with the first textbook on the subject, published in 1936 by Dénes Kőnig.
A connected graph has an Euler cycle if and only if every vertex has an even number of incident edges. The term Eulerian graph has two common meanings in graph theory. One meaning is a graph with an Eulerian circuit, and the other is a graph with every vertex of even degree. These definitions coincide for connected graphs. [2]
Euler's solution of the Königsberg bridge problem is considered to be the first theorem of graph theory. In addition, his recognition that the key information was the number of bridges and the list of their endpoints (rather than their exact positions) presaged the development of topology. [8]
Otherwise, the problem cannot be solved. In the case of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg, the graph representing the problem has four odd vertices, and has neither an Euler path nor an Euler tour. [3] It was therefore impossible to tour all seven bridges in Königsberg without repeating a bridge.
The works of Ramsey on colorations and more specially the results obtained by Turán in 1941 was at the origin of another branch of graph theory, extremal graph theory. The four color problem remained unsolved for more than a century. In 1969 Heinrich Heesch published a method for solving the problem using computers. [29]
Path (graph theory) Seven Bridges of Königsberg. Eulerian path; Three-cottage problem; Shortest path problem. ... Degree diameter problem; Entanglement (graph measure)