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The increase of this probability is gradual and identical for breech and cephalic presentations during this period. In the third period, from the 36th gestational week onward, the incidence of cephalic and breech presentations remain stable, i.e. breech presentation around 3–4% and cephalic presentation approximately 95%.
Recently reported estimates of the human genome-wide mutation rate. The human germline mutation rate is approximately 0.5×10 −9 per basepair per year. [1]In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time. [2]
It has been assumed that parents of fewer offspring, with a high probability of adult survival, should permit less risk to themselves. Even though this compromises their young, the overall fitness of their offspring is reduced, which is a strategy to invest in producing more offspring in the future.
Established traits are not immutable; traits that have high fitness in one environmental context may be much less fit if environmental conditions change. In the absence of natural selection to preserve such a trait, it becomes more variable and deteriorate over time, possibly resulting in a vestigial manifestation of the trait, also called ...
These contributions are weighted according to the probability of each diploid-diploid combination, which follows a multinomial distribution with k = 3. For example, the probability of the mating combination (AA,aa) is 2 f t (AA)f t (aa) and it can only result in the Aa genotype: [0,1,0]. Overall, the resulting genotype frequencies are ...
Sex ratio theory is a field of academic study which seeks to understand the sex ratios observed in nature from an evolutionary perspective. It continues to be heavily influenced by the work of Eric Charnov. [13]
A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes [jargon] of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next, [1] [2] [3] [unreliable source?] most commonly humans, show dogs, and race horses.
The paternal age effect is the statistical relationship between the father's age at conception and biological effects on the child. [1] Such effects can relate to birthweight, congenital disorders, life expectancy and psychological outcomes. [2]