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An unusual property of water is that its solid form—ice frozen at atmospheric pressure—is approximately 8.3% less dense than its liquid form; this is equivalent to a volumetric expansion of 9%. The density of ice is 0.9167 [ 1 ] –0.9168 [ 2 ] g/cm 3 at 0 °C and standard atmospheric pressure (101,325 Pa), whereas water has a density of 0. ...
Because ice is less dense than water, it floats on the ocean's surface (as does fresh water ice). Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth's surface and about 12% of the world's oceans. Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth's surface and about 12% of the world's oceans.
Regular, hexagonal ice is also less dense than liquid water—upon freezing, the density of water decreases by about 9%. [36] [e] These peculiar effects are due to the highly directional bonding of water molecules via the hydrogen bonds: ice and liquid water at low temperature have comparatively low-density, low-energy open lattice structures.
That ice is less dense, meaning it takes up more space, is the cause of one of modern society’s larger problems — potholes! ... Ice, being less dense than water, takes up around 10% more space ...
When ice is being formed in a cold climate like Antarctica, the cold temperatures separate the molecular bonds of the water causing it to become less dense. However, because water increases its volume by about 9% when frozen, this makes the ice less dense than the water which is why glaciers float.
With decreasing temperatures in the ice sheet, the size of the brine pockets decreases while the salt content goes up. Since ice is less dense than water, increasing pressure causes some of the brine to be ejected from both the top and bottom, producing the characteristic C-shaped salinity profile of first-year ice. [6]
In most substances, the volume increases when melting occurs, so the melting temperature increases with pressure. However, because ice is less dense than water, the melting temperature decreases. [53] In glaciers, pressure melting can occur under sufficiently thick volumes of ice, resulting in subglacial lakes. [63] [64]
Regular, hexagonal ice is also less dense than liquid water—upon freezing, the density of water decreases by about 9%. [17] These effects are due to the reduction of thermal motion with cooling, which allows water molecules to form more hydrogen bonds that prevent the molecules from coming close to each other. [16]