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  2. Syllogism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism

    A syllogism (Ancient Greek: συλλογισμός, syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.

  3. List of valid argument forms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_valid_argument_forms

    In syllogistic logic, there are 256 possible ways to construct categorical syllogisms using the A, E, I, and O statement forms in the square of opposition. Of the 256, only 24 are valid forms. Of the 24 valid forms, 15 are unconditionally valid, and 9 are conditionally valid.

  4. Glossary of logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_logic

    A proposition that asserts or denies that all or some of the members of one category are included in another category, fundamental in syllogistic reasoning. categorical syllogism A form of deductive reasoning in Aristotelian logic consisting of three categorical propositions that involve three terms and deduce a conclusion from two premises ...

  5. Fallacy of four terms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_four_terms

    In everyday reasoning, the fallacy of four terms occurs most frequently by equivocation: using the same word or phrase but with a different meaning each time, creating a fourth term even though only three distinct words are used. The resulting argument sounds like the (valid) first example above, but is in fact structured like the invalid ...

  6. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Syllogistic fallacies – logical fallacies that occur in syllogisms. Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) – a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise. [11] Fallacy of exclusive premises – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative ...

  7. Logical grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_grammar

    Syllogistic reasoning consists of a series of subjects (S) and predicates (p). Premise 1: All humans (S) are mortal (p). Premise 2: Socrates (S) is a human (p). Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates (S) is mortal (p). Following these philosophers, the analysis of the sentence into a subject-predicate structure became the cornerstone of classical grammar.

  8. Negative conclusion from affirmative premises - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_conclusion_from...

    The rule states that a syllogism in which both premises are of form a or i (affirmative) cannot reach a conclusion of form e or o (negative). Exactly one of the premises must be negative to construct a valid syllogism with a negative conclusion. (A syllogism with two negative premises commits the related fallacy of exclusive premises.)

  9. Square of opposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_of_opposition

    The logical square, also called square of opposition or square of Apuleius, has its origin in the four marked sentences to be employed in syllogistic reasoning: "Every man is bad," the universal affirmative - The negation of the universal affirmative "Not every man is bad" (or "Some men are not bad") - "Some men are bad," the particular ...