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Negative politics involves behaviors aimed at personal gain at the expense of others and the organization. Examples include spreading rumors, talking behind someone's back, and withholding important information. [5] Such actions can negatively impact social groupings, cooperation, information sharing, and other organizational functions. [6]
Power distance is the unequal distribution of power between parties, and the level of acceptance of that inequality; whether it is in the family, workplace, or other organizations. [1] The concept is used in cultural studies to understand the relationship between individuals with varying power, and the effect this has on society.
Organizational culture refers to culture related to organizations including schools, universities, not-for-profit groups, government agencies, and business entities. Alternative terms include business culture , corporate culture and company culture.
Power distance index (PDI): The power distance index is defined as "the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally". A higher degree of the Index indicates that hierarchy is clearly established and executed in society, without doubt or reason.
Power as a relational concept: Power exists in relationships. The issue here is often how much relative power a person has in comparison to one's partner. Partners in close and satisfying relationships often influence each other at different times in various arenas. Power as resource-based: Power usually represents a struggle over resources ...
Grassroots movements and organizations use collective action from the local level to implement change at the local, regional, national, or international levels. Grassroots movements are associated with bottom-up, rather than top-down decision-making, and are sometimes considered more natural or spontaneous than more traditional power structures ...
The former is coercive (example: military invasion) while the latter is attractive (example: broadcast media or cultural invasion). [ 81 ] Hard power refers to coercive tactics: the threat or use of armed forces , economic pressure or sanctions , assassination and subterfuge, or other forms of intimidation.
Three bases of legitimate power are cultural values, acceptance of social structure, and designation. [1] Cultural values comprise a general basis for legitimate power of one entity over another. [1] Such legitimacy is conferred by others and this legitimacy can be revoked by the original granters, their designees, or their inheritors. [8]