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  2. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine...

    The balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is called the NAD + /NADH ratio. This ratio is an important component of what is called the redox state of a cell, a measurement that reflects both the metabolic activities and the health of cells. [26]

  3. Nicotinamide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide

    In oxidation-reduction reactions, the active part of the cofactor is the nicotinamide. In NAD + , the nitrogen in the aromatic nicotinamide ring is covalently bonded to adenine dinucleotide. The formal charge on the nitrogen is stabilized by the shared electrons of the other carbon atoms in the aromatic ring.

  4. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine...

    Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP [1] [2] or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent ('hydrogen source').

  5. NADH dehydrogenase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase

    NADH dehydrogenase is an enzyme that converts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from its reduced form (NADH) to its oxidized form (NAD +).Members of the NADH dehydrogenase family and analogues are commonly systematically named using the format NADH:acceptor oxidoreductase.

  6. NADPH oxidase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADPH_oxidase

    NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that faces the extracellular space. It can be found in the plasma membrane as well as in the membranes of phagosomes used by neutrophil white blood cells to engulf microorganisms.

  7. Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_standard...

    "Oxidation-reduction potentials, absorbance bands and molar absorbance of compounds used in biochemical studies" (PDF). Fasman GD, Editor. 1: 122– 130. Alberty, Robert A. (1998). "Calculation of standard transformed formation properties of biochemical reactants and standard apparent reduction potentials of half reactions".

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  9. Flavin adenine dinucleotide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide

    Based on the oxidation state, flavins take specific colors when in aqueous solution. flavin-N(5)-oxide (superoxidized) is yellow-orange, FAD (fully oxidized) is yellow, FADH (half reduced) is either blue or red based on the pH, and the fully reduced form is colorless. [9] [10] Changing the form can have a large impact on other chemical properties.