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  2. Test cross - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cross

    Since the homozygous recessive individual can only pass on recessive alleles, the allele the individual in question passes on determines the phenotype of the offspring. [3] Thus, this test yields 2 possible situations: If any of the offspring produced express the recessive trait, the individual in question is heterozygous for the dominant ...

  3. Punnett square - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square

    The phenotype of a homozygous dominant pair is 'A', or dominant, while the opposite is true for homozygous recessive. Heterozygous pairs always have a dominant phenotype. [11] To a lesser degree, hemizygosity [12] and nullizygosity [13] can also be seen in gene pairs.

  4. Dominance (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)

    Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance, the two most common Mendelian inheritance patterns. An autosome is any chromosome other than a sex chromosome.. In genetics, dominance is the phenomenon of one variant of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome.

  5. Mendelian inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance

    In a dominant-recessive inheritance, an average of 25% are homozygous with the dominant trait, 50% are heterozygous showing the dominant trait in the phenotype (genetic carriers), 25% are homozygous with the recessive trait and therefore express the recessive trait in the phenotype. The genotypic ratio is 1: 2 : 1, and the phenotypic ratio is 3: 1.

  6. Three-point cross - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_cross

    An individual heterozygous for three mutations is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual, and the phenotypes of the progeny are scored. The two most common phenotypes that result are the parental gametes; the two least common phenotypes that result come from a double crossover in gamete formation. By comparing the parental and double ...

  7. Monohybrid cross - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monohybrid_cross

    Figure 1: Inheritance pattern of dominant (red) and recessive (white) phenotypes when each parent (1) is homozygous for either the dominant or recessive trait. All members of the F 1 generation are heterozygous and share the same dominant phenotype (2), while the F 2 generation exhibits a 6:2 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes (3).

  8. Zygosity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity

    An individual that is homozygous-recessive for a particular trait carries two copies of the allele that codes for the recessive trait. This allele, often called the "recessive allele", is usually represented by the lowercase form of the letter used for the corresponding dominant trait (such as, with reference to the example above, "p" for the ...

  9. Obligate carrier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate_carrier

    In X-linked recessive disorders, only females can be the carriers of the recessive mutation, making them obligate carriers of this type of disease. Females acquire one X-chromosome from their father and one from their mother, and this means they can either be heterozygous for the mutated allele or homozygous. If heterozygous, she is a carrier ...