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Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]
An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.
An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect. [1] In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule.
From January 2008 to December 2012, if you bought shares in companies when William H. Gray, III joined the board, and sold them when he left, you would have a -17.6 percent return on your investment, compared to a -2.8 percent return from the S&P 500.
The Birch reduction is an organic reaction that is used to convert arenes to 1,4-cyclohexadienes.The reaction is named after the Australian chemist Arthur Birch and involves the organic reduction of aromatic rings in an amine solvent (traditionally liquid ammonia) with an alkali metal (traditionally sodium) and a proton source (traditionally an alcohol).
Patrick, who previously worked for ESPN, told Barkley "you're going to be working a lot more than you think you're going to be working." Barkley said he wouldn't be working "like no damn dog" and ...
From December 2008 to December 2012, if you bought shares in companies when Eugene B. Shanks, Jr. joined the board, and sold them when he left, you would have a -62.3 percent return on your investment, compared to a 61.1 percent return from the S&P 500.