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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), sometimes referred to as necine bases, are a group of naturally occurring alkaloids based on the structure of pyrrolizidine. Their use dates back centuries and is intertwined with the discovery, understanding, and eventual recognition of their toxicity on humans and animals.
An "incident" of chemical food contamination may be defined as an episodic occurrence of adverse health effects in humans (or animals that might be consumed by humans) following high exposure to particular chemicals, or instances where episodically high concentrations of chemical hazards were detected in the food chain and traced back to a particular event.
Pyrrolizidine is a heterocyclic organic compound. Formally, it is a saturated derivative of pyrrolizine. Pyrrolizidine forms the central chemical structure of a variety of alkaloids known collectively as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. [1] It is one of five classes of iminosugars. These are often synthesized from a carbohydrate. [2]
Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis poisoning in the United States has remained moderately rare among humans. The most common reports are the outcome of the misuse of medicinal home remedies, or the alkaloids are present in food and drink substances such as milk and honey when the animal carriers were exposed to the toxins.
Riddelliine is a naturally occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloid, a class of compounds occurring in rangeland plants of the genera Crotalaria, Amsinckia, and Senecio. [5] It consists of a macrocyclic diester of retronecine (an unsaturated alcohol) and riddelliic acid (an oxygenated, branched, dicarboxylic acid). [5]
Pages in category "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
The case drew immediate comparisons to an incident in November in Laos in which six tourists — including one American and two Australian teenagers — died after drinking tainted alcohol at a ...
Like other pyrrolizidine alkaloids, senecionine is toxic when ingested. The ingested molecule is a protoxin that is metabolized to its active form. [3] In large quantities, ingestion can lead to critical illness, including convulsions and death. Studies in rodents have shown an LD 50 of 65 mg/kg. [4]