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In phones connected to magneto exchanges, the bell, induction coil, battery, and magneto were in a separate bell box called a "ringer box". In phones connected to common battery exchanges, the ringer box was installed under a desk, or other out of the way place, since it did not need a battery or magneto.
The NCC improved Gassner's model by replacing the plaster of Paris with coiled cardboard, an innovation that left more space for the cathode and made the battery easier to assemble. It was the first convenient battery for the masses and made portable electrical devices practical, and led directly to the invention of the flashlight.
From Finland the Nokia 1011 was introduced in 1992, as the first mass-market battery-powered portable cell phone. From Canada the BlackBerry Pearl reached an upscale market after 2006 when T-Mobile US bundled it to subscribers. [31] By 2000 most of the 111 million cell phone subscribers talked on them while driving.
1988: First transatlantic fiber optic cable TAT-8, carrying 40,000 circuits; 1990: analog AMPS was superseded by Digital AMPS. 1991: the GSM mobile phone network is started in Finland, with the first phone call in Tampere. [45] 1993: Telecom Relay Service available for the disabled; 1994: The IBM Simon becomes the first smartphone on the market.
An improved version, the SL45i, was also the first phone to have a Java virtual machine. In addition to the MP3 player, SL45 offered other advanced features such as dictaphone with several hours of recording time, auto responder, voice dialing and voice commands, WAP browser, and context sensitive help in several languages.
That first cell phone began a fundamental technology and communications market shift to making phone calls to a person instead of to a place. [6] [19] Bell Labs had introduced the idea of cellular communications in 1947, but their first systems were limited to car phones which required roughly 30 pounds (12 kg) of equipment in the trunk. [21]
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The phone accepted a 2FF mini SIM card behind the battery for mobile network connectivity. The StarTAC D was the world's first dual-sim mobile phone. The StarTAC D was released following a partnership between Barclaycard and Cellnet in the UK, and also France Telecom and Cartes Bancaires in France.