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Medical condition Subarachnoid hemorrhage Other names Subarachnoid haemorrhage CT scan of the brain showing subarachnoid hemorrhage as a white area in the center (marked by the arrow) and stretching into the sulci to either side Pronunciation / ˌ s ʌ b ə ˈ r æ k n ɔɪ d ˈ h ɛ m ər ɪ dʒ / Specialty Neurosurgery, Neurology Symptoms Severe headache of rapid onset, vomiting, decreased ...
Trauma is the most common cause of intracranial hemorrhage. It can cause epidural hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Other condition such as hemorrhagic parenchymal contusion and cerebral microhemorrhages can also be caused by trauma. [3]
The Hunt and Hess scale, introduced in 1968, is one of the grading systems used to classify the severity of a subarachnoid hemorrhage based on the patient's clinical condition. It is used as a predictor of patient's prognosis/outcome, with a higher grade correlating to lower survival rate.
If a rupture or bleeding incident occurs, the blood may penetrate either into the brain tissue (cerebral hemorrhage) or into the subarachnoid space, which is located between the sheaths (meninges) surrounding the brain (subarachnoid hemorrhage). Bleeding may also extend into the ventricular system (intraventricular hemorrhage).
In children aged two to four, falls are the most common cause of TBI, while in older children traffic accidents compete with falls for this position. [57] TBI is the third most common injury to result from child abuse. [58] Abuse causes 19% of cases of pediatric brain trauma, and the death rate is higher among these cases. [59]
Subarachnoid hemorrhage, bleeding between the brain and arachnoid; Direct brain trauma, due to the brain striking the inner surfaces of the skull. Eye injury, retinal hemorrhage caused by to and from oscillation of the lens; Skeletal injury, posterior rib fracture caused by squeezing the chest as the child is tightly gripped. [59] [60] [61]
On the other hand, trauma, which generally originates from terminal vascular network, is a common cause of spinal cord hemorrhage for all four subtypes, namely haematomyelia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage and epidural hemorrhage. [9] There is a correlation between anticoagulating drugs and hemorrhagic stroke. [9]
In the presence of second-impact syndrome, the mortality rate is at best 50% when diffuse cerebral swelling occurs. [ 44 ] In part due to the poor documentation of the initial injury and continuing symptoms in recorded cases, [ 23 ] some professionals think that the condition is over-diagnosed, [ 1 ] and some doubt the validity of the diagnosis ...