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In computing, BIOS (/ ˈ b aɪ ɒ s,-oʊ s /, BY-oss, -ohss; Basic Input/Output System, also known as the System BIOS, ROM BIOS, BIOS ROM or PC BIOS) is firmware used to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs and to perform hardware initialization during the booting process (power-on startup). [1]
NetBIOS (/ ˈ n ɛ t b aɪ ɒ s /) is an acronym for Network Basic Input/Output System. It provides services related to the session layer of the OSI model allowing applications on separate computers to communicate over a local area network. As strictly an API, NetBIOS is not a networking protocol.
The term can also be used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to perform an input or output operation. I/O devices are the pieces of hardware used by a human (or other system) to communicate with a computer. For instance, a keyboard or computer mouse is an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are output devices.
Input and output voltages are usually, but not always, limited to the supply voltage of the device with the GPIOs, and may be damaged by greater voltages. A GPIO pin's state may be exposed to the software developer through one of a number of different interfaces, such as a memory-mapped I/O peripheral, or through dedicated IO port instructions.
NetBIOS—Network Basic Input/Output System; NetBT—NetBIOS over TCP/IP; NEXT—Near-End CrossTalk; NFA—Nondeterministic Finite Automaton; NFC—Near-field communication; NFS—Network File System; NGL—aNGeL; NGSCB—Next-Generation Secure Computing Base; NI—National Instruments; NIC—Network Interface Controller or Network Interface Card
Input devices can be categorized based on: modality of output (e.g., mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.) whether the output is discrete (e.g., pressing of key) or continuous (e.g., a mouse's position, though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fast enough to be considered continuous)
Touch user interface are graphical user interfaces using a touchpad or touchscreen display as a combined input and output device. They supplement or replace other forms of output with haptic feedback methods. Used in computerized simulators, etc. Voice user interfaces, which accept input and provide output by generating voice prompts. The user ...
Input/output streams buffers (high level functionality) basic_iostream: wraps an abstract stream buffer and provides high level input/output interface, such as formatting capabilities. iostream – operates on characters of type char; wiostream – operates on characters of type wchar_t; basic_fstream: an input/output stream that wraps a file ...