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The Catechism of the Catholic Church specifies that all sex acts must be both unitive and procreative. [8] In addition to condemning use of artificial birth control as intrinsically evil, [9] non-procreative sex acts such as mutual masturbation and anal sex are ruled out as ways to avoid pregnancy. [10]
The Pontifical Commission on Birth Control was a committee within the Roman Curia tasked with analyzing the modern impact of birth control on the Roman Catholic Church. The disagreements within the commission ultimately led to the publication of the encyclical Humanae vitae .
The Church has been opposed to contraception for as far back as one can historically trace. [51] [52] Many early Catholic Church Fathers made statements condemning the use of contraception including John Chrysostom, Jerome, Clement of Alexandria, Hippolytus of Rome, Augustine of Hippo and various others.
The Catholic view is that since the twelve apostles chosen by Jesus were all male, only men may be ordained in the Catholic Church. [99] While some consider this to be evidence of a discriminatory attitude toward women, [ 100 ] the Church believes that Jesus called women to different yet equally important vocations in Church ministry. [ 101 ]
In general, traditional Judaism views medical intervention positively. [18] Regarding assisted reproductive technology, the positive view of medicine is challenged by the Jewish religious legal system which has numerous laws regarding modesty and sexuality and a strong emphasis on verifiable lineage.
The Jewish view on birth control currently varies between the Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform branches of Judaism. Among Orthodox Judaism, the use of birth control has been considered only acceptable for use in certain circumstances, for example, when the couple already has two children or if they are both in school.
Following the 1968 publication of Humanae Vitae, an encyclical by Pope Paul VI that expressly forbade abortion and most methods of birth control [9] and that sowed controversy within the church over its restatement of the prohibition on birth control, [10] Catholic bishops in the United States started to stress anti-abortion views as a central facet of Catholic identity and preached against ...
[63] Catholics for a Free Choice claimed in 1998 that 96% of U.S. Catholic women had used contraceptives at some point in their lives and that 72% of U.S. Catholics believed that one could be a good Catholic without obeying the Church's teaching on birth control. [64]