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Rugosity calculations are commonly used in materials science to characterize surfaces, amongst others, in marine science to characterize seafloor habitats. A common technique to measure seafloor rugosity is Risk's chain-and-tape method [2] but with the advent of underwater photography less invasive quantitative methods have been developed.
Surface roughness, often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface finish (surface texture). It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth.
In materials science, asperity, defined as "unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness" (from the Latin asper—"rough" [1]), has implications (for example) in physics and seismology. Smooth surfaces, even those polished to a mirror finish, are not truly smooth on a microscopic scale.
The roughness ratio, r, is a measure of how surface roughness affects a homogeneous surface. The roughness ratio is defined as the ratio of true area of the solid surface to the apparent area. θ is the contact angle for a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, defined for a perfectly flat surface.
Contact angle measurement (goniometry) can be used to find the surface energy of the treated and non-treated surface. Young's relation can be used to find surface energy assuming the simplification of experimental conditions to a three phase equilibrium (i.e. liquid drop applied to flat rigid solid surface in a controlled atmosphere), yielding
Surface modification is the act of modifying the surface of a material by bringing physical, chemical or biological characteristics different from the ones originally found on the surface of a material. [1] This modification is usually made to solid materials, but it is possible to find examples of the modification to the surface of specific ...
Cassie's law, or the Cassie equation, describes the effective contact angle θ c for a liquid on a chemically heterogeneous surface, i.e. the surface of a composite material consisting of different chemistries, that is, non-uniform throughout. [1]
This has been used for a number of applications including the study of materials for acoustic isolation, and for oil prospection using acoustics means. In analytical chemistry applied to polymers and sometimes small molecules tortuosity is applied in gel permeation chromatography (GPC) also known