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A single-engined Cessna 150L's airspeed indicator indicating its V-speeds in knots. In aviation, V-speeds are standard terms used to define airspeeds important or useful to the operation of all aircraft. [1] These speeds are derived from data obtained by aircraft designers and manufacturers during flight testing for aircraft type-certification.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) classifies aircraft by their indicated airspeed at runway threshold (V at, [1]: II-5-1-3 also known as approach speed or V REF). The categories are as follows: [1]: II-5-1-3 Category A: less than 169 km/h (91 kt) indicated airspeed (IAS)
At a glance, the pilot can determine a recommended speed (V speeds) or if speed adjustments are needed. Single and multi-engine aircraft have common markings. For instance, the green arc indicates the normal operating range of the aircraft, from V S1 to V NO. The white arc indicates the flap operating range, V SO to V FE, used for approaches ...
A V-n diagram showing V S (stall speed at 1G), V C (corner/maneuver speed) and V D (dive speed) A chart of velocity versus load factor (or V-n diagram) is another way of showing limits of aircraft performance. It shows how much load factor can be safely achieved at different airspeeds. [3]
In aviation, the maneuvering speed of an aircraft is an airspeed limitation selected by the designer of the aircraft. At speeds close to, and faster than, the maneuvering speed, full deflection of any flight control surface should not be attempted because of the risk of damage to the aircraft structure.
An example: Because (1) the compressibility of air changes considerably approaching the speed of sound, and (2) the speed of sound varies considerably with temperature and therefore altitude; the maximum speed at which an aircraft structure is safe, the never exceed speed (abbreviated V NE), is specified at several differing altitudes in faster ...
In this article, V MC(A) is used rather than V MC for air minimum control speeds. Aviation regulations (such as FAR and EASA) [4] [5] define several different V MC s and require design engineers to size the vertical tail and the aerodynamic flight controls of the aircraft to comply with these regulations.
The minimum such speed is the stall speed, or V SO. The indicated airspeed at which a fixed-wing aircraft stalls varies with the weight of the aircraft but does not vary significantly with altitude. At speeds close to the stall speed the aircraft's wings are at a high angle of attack. At higher altitudes, the air density is lower than at sea level.