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Causes: Inadequate closure of the lower esophageal sphincter [6] Risk factors: Obesity, pregnancy, smoking, hiatal hernia, taking certain medicines [6] Diagnostic method: Gastroscopy, upper GI series, esophageal pH monitoring, esophageal manometry [6] Differential diagnosis: Peptic ulcer disease, esophageal cancer, esophageal spasm, angina [8 ...
Peptic ulcer disease is when the inner part of the stomach's gastric mucosa (lining of the stomach), the first part of the small intestine, or sometimes the lower esophagus, gets damaged. An ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer , while one in the first part of the intestines is a duodenal ulcer . [ 1 ]
[1] [2] Complications may include stomach bleeding, stomach ulcers, and stomach tumors. [1] When due to autoimmune problems, low red blood cells due to not enough vitamin B12 may occur, a condition known as pernicious anemia. [3] Common causes include infection with Helicobacter pylori and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . [1]
Spicy food does not cause stomach ulcers, the experts note. "However, if someone already has an ulcer and their stomach is trying to heal, spicy foods may worsen symptoms," says de Latour.
Peptic ulcer disease, a wearing away of the stomach lining, can be asymptomatic in some cases, but others are severe enough to make a patient double over in pain, two doctors said.
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The exact cause of functional dyspepsia is unknown however there have been many hypotheses regarding the mechanisms. Theories behind the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia include gastroduodenal motility, gastroduodenal sensitivity, intestinal microbiota , immune dysfunction, gut-brain axis dysfunction, abnormalities of gastric electrical ...
Chewing nicotine gum may cause jaw soreness. Oral mucosal irritation or ulcers can occur if the gum is repeatedly "parked" in the same location in the mouth. Similarly, excess nicotine swallowed with saliva may cause sore throat due to esophageal irritation, or gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.