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cgroups (abbreviated from control groups) is a Linux kernel feature that limits, accounts for, and isolates the resource usage (CPU, memory, disk I/O, etc. [1]) of a collection of processes. Engineers at Google started the work on this feature in 2006 under the name "process containers". [2]
The Linux kernel provides the cgroups functionality that allows limitation and prioritization of resources (CPU, memory, block I/O, network, etc.) without the need for starting any virtual machines, and also the namespace isolation functionality that allows complete isolation of an application's view of the operating environment, including ...
In computing, proportional set size (PSS) is the portion of main memory occupied by a process and is composed by the private memory of that process plus the proportion of shared memory with one or more other processes. Unshared memory including the proportion of shared memory is reported as the PSS. Example:
Even in systems where the kernel is included in application address spaces, memory protection is used to prevent unauthorized applications from modifying the kernel. The kernel's interface is a low-level abstraction layer. When a process requests a service from the kernel, it must invoke a system call, usually through a wrapper function.
Process isolation can be implemented with virtual address space, where process A's address space is different from process B's address space – preventing A from writing onto B. Security is easier to enforce by disallowing inter-process memory access, in contrast with less secure architectures such as DOS in which any process can write to any ...
The term user space (or userland) refers to all code that runs outside the operating system's kernel. [2] User space usually refers to the various programs and libraries that the operating system uses to interact with the kernel: software that performs input/output, manipulates file system objects, application software, etc.
In computing, resident set size (RSS) is the portion of memory (measured in kilobytes) occupied by a process that is held in main memory ().The rest of the occupied memory exists in the swap space or file system, either because some parts of the occupied memory were paged out, or because some parts of the executable were never loaded.
When used for swap, zram (like zswap) allows Linux to make more efficient use of RAM, since the operating system can then hold more pages of memory in the compressed swap than if the same amount of RAM had been used as application memory or disk cache. This is particularly effective on machines that do not have much memory.