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Spanish gitanos could only travel to America with the express permission of the king. Philip II decreed in 1570 a ban on the entry of Gypsies into America and ordered the return of those already sent. [31] There is a known case of a Gypsy blacksmith (Jorge Leal) who obtained authorization to travel to Cuba in 1602. [32]
“The American Rom: A Case of Economic Adaptation.” in Gypsies, Tinkers and Other Travellers, edited by Farnham Rehfisch, (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975). pp 1–40. Sutherland, Anne. Gypsies: The Hidden Americans (Tavistock Publications, 1975). Sway, Marlene. Familiar Strangers: Gypsy Life in America (University of Illinois Press, 1988).
The period of legal immigration was about to come to an end. In 1582, Spanish authorities passed a command outlawing the arrival of the Gypsies to the American colonies. [4] For five hundred years, from the beginning of the 13th century until 1864, many Romani were enslaved and persecuted in Eastern Europe.
The first Romani group in Mexico were the Spanish gitanos that arrived during the Colonial era. Some of the mid-19th century migrants may have arrived to Mexico via Argentina. [2] In the late 19th and early 20th century migrants from Hungary, Poland and Russia began arriving. [1]
Gratiela Brancusi – American-Romanian actress; Yul Brynner – Russian-American actor and honorary president of the International Romani Union; Jesús Castro- Spanish actor; Charlie Chaplin – English comic actor [29] Lyalya Chyornaya – Russian actress; Jan Cina – Czech actor [30] Joaquín Cortés – Spanish ballet and flamenco dancer
Gypsies at Balatonlelle by Béla Iványi-Grünwald, 1935 In the 2011 census, 315,583 people called themselves Roma. [ 124 ] Various estimations put the number of Roma people to be between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people, or 8–10% of Hungary's population.
The Roma community in Argentina (Spanish: Gitanos en Argentina) number more than 300,000. [1] The first Roma to arrive in Argentina were Gitanos who came from Spain at different times and spoke only Spanish dialects instead of the Romani language. [2] The Spanish Roma settled mainly in Buenos Aires. [3]
In the English language, Romani people have long been known by the exonym Gypsies or Gipsies, [88] which many Roma consider to be an ethnic slur. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] The attendees of the first World Romani Congress in 1971 unanimously voted to reject the use of all exonyms for the Roma, including "Gypsy". [ 92 ]