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The following have been identified as risk factors for placenta previa: Previous placenta previa (recurrence rate 4–8%), [13] caesarean delivery, [14] myomectomy [10] or endometrium damage caused by D&C. [13] Women who are younger than 20 are at higher risk and women older than 35 are at increasing risk as they get older.
Along with placenta previa and uterine rupture it is one of the most common causes of vaginal bleeding in the later part of pregnancy. [6] Placental abruption is the reason for about 15% of infant deaths around the time of birth. [2] The condition was described at least as early as 1664. [7]
Pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached, uterine atony, placenta previa, connective tissue disorders [1] Diagnostic method: Seeing the inside of the uterus in the vagina [2] Differential diagnosis: Uterine fibroid, uterine atony, bleeding disorder, retained placenta [1] Treatment
Associative prevention mechanisms can be a method of minimising the risk of developing the disease, within early stages of pregnancy. Placental syndromes include pregnancy loss, fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and intrauterine fetal demise.
Besides placenta previa and placental abruption, uterine rupture can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to internal or external bleeding. Bleeding from the fetus is rare, but may occur with two conditions called vasa previa and velamentous umbilical cord insertion where the fetal blood vessels lie near the placental insertion site unprotected by Wharton's jelly of the cord. [11]
It is used to differentiate whether the blood coming out of vagina is of the mother or fetus during delivery i.e, placenta previa versus vasa previa. It is based on the principle that fetal HbF is resistant to acids and alkali whereas the mother's blood which has HbA is sensitive to acid and alkaline.
The differential diagnosis depends on whether the bleeding occurs in the first trimester or in the second or third trimesters. Obstetric causes of first trimester bleeding include the following: Early pregnancy loss is a term often used interchangeably with spontaneous abortion and miscarriage and refers to pregnancy loss during the first ...
Placenta previa is primarily diagnosed by ultrasound, either during a routine examination or following an episode of abnormal vaginal bleeding, often in the second trimester of pregnancy. Most diagnosis of placenta previa occurs during the second-trimester. [citation needed]