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Linux namespaces were inspired by the wider namespace functionality used heavily throughout Plan 9 from Bell Labs. [2] The Linux Namespaces originated in 2002 in the 2.4.19 kernel with work on the mount namespace kind. Additional namespaces were added beginning in 2006 [3] and continuing into the future.
In computing, a namespace is a set of signs (names) that are used to identify and refer to objects of various kinds. A namespace ensures that all of a given set of objects have unique names so that they can be easily identified. Namespaces are commonly structured as hierarchies to allow reuse of names in different contexts.
User namespace isolates the user IDs between namespaces. [31] Cgroup namespace [32] Namespaces are created with the "unshare" command or syscall, or as "new" flags in a "clone" syscall. [33] The "ns" subsystem was added early in cgroups development to integrate namespaces and control groups.
LXC relies on the Linux kernel cgroups functionality [8] that was released in version 2.6.24. It also relies on other kinds of namespace isolation functionality, which were developed and integrated into the mainline Linux kernel.
Linux containers are all based on the virtualization, isolation, and resource management mechanisms provided by the Linux kernel, notably Linux namespaces and cgroups. [ 2 ] Although the word container most commonly refers to OS-level virtualization, it is sometimes used to refer to fuller virtual machines operating in varying degrees of ...
No namespace restrictions are present (making this an open xattr system) and the convention is to use a reverse DNS string (similar to Uniform Type Identifiers) as the attribute name. macOS supports listing, [ 18 ] getting, [ 19 ] setting, [ 20 ] and removing [ 21 ] extended attributes from files or directories using a Linux-like API.
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Namespaces may be used to create an isolated environment similar to chroot, but in a more secure way. [ 43 ] Plan 9's union directory architecture inspired 4.4BSD and Linux union file system implementations, [ 45 ] although the developers of the BSD union mounting facility found the non-recursive merging of directories in Plan 9 "too ...