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The western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] is an invasive pest insect in agriculture. This species of thrips is native to the Southwestern United States [1] but has spread to other continents, including Europe, Australia (where it was identified in May 1993 [1]), and South America via transport of infested plant material.
(3) [13] Greenhouses provide ideal environments for Western Flower Thrips and preventative measures must be taken in order to insure healthy plants. [14] Although Wester Flower Thrips were at one time only a pest across the western United States and Canada, their spread has now reached worldwide.
For instance, western flower thrips are known to love pale roses with strong fragrances, but they aren’t as interested in scent-free, dark roses that produce tight flower buds. 9. Use Reflective ...
The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, has spread until it now has a worldwide distribution, and is the primary vector of plant diseases caused by tospoviruses. [86] Other viruses that they spread include the genera Ilarvirus, (Alpha |Beta |Gamma)carmovirus, Sobemovirus and Machlomovirus. [87]
The term "biological control" was first used by Harry Scott Smith at the 1919 meeting of the Pacific Slope Branch of the American Association of Economic Entomologists, in Riverside, California. [3] It was brought into more widespread use by the entomologist Paul H. DeBach (1914–1993) who worked on citrus crop pests throughout his life.
The cultured mites can be mixed with bran and sprinkled on the crop or spread by air blast. When multiple species of pest are present, it may effectively control one but not another; for example, in field grown cucumbers, it was found to control melon thrips on leaves, but failed to control common blossom thrips on flowers. [2]
In order to protect their eggs, thrips insert their eggs into various types of plant tissue. Eggs can be found in the stems, leaves, or flowers of plants. [8] Thrips hatch in 2–3 days and complete their life cycle in 20–30 days. [2] Adult thrips feed on the flower bud, stem and leaf parts of the plant. [8]
Organic control requires all of the non-insecticide methods (aggressive weeding, wasps, virus) plus Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai or Entrust which contains spinosad. [21] The Western Flower Thrips is common here. [23] Organochlorines were used until being replaced in the 1970s by carbamates and organophosphates. [23]