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In all, about three million Poles died as a result of the German occupation, more than 10% of the pre-war population. When this is added to the three million Polish Jews who were killed as a matter of policy by the Germans, Poland lost about 22% of its population, the highest proportion of any European country in World War II. [111] [112]
By this arrangement, often described as a fourth partition of Poland, [1] the Soviet Union secured almost all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug and San. This amounted to about 200,000 km 2 (77,000 sq mi) territory, inhabited by 13.5 million Polish citizens. [ 92 ]
(For example, Norman Davies in God's Playground refers to the 1807 creation of the Duchy of Warsaw as the fourth partition, the 1815 Treaty of Vienna as the fifth, the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as the sixth, and the 1939 division of Poland between Nazi Germany and the USSR as the seventh.) [28] However, in recent times, the 1815 division of ...
The annexation was part of the "fourth partition of Poland" by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, outlined months before the invasion, in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. [ 2 ] Some smaller territories were incorporated directly into the existing Gaue East Prussia and Silesia , while the bulk of the land was used to create new Reichsgaue Danzig ...
Under the terms of two decrees by Hitler (8 October and 12 October 1939), large areas of western Poland were annexed to Germany. These included all the territories taken by Prussia in Partitions of Poland which Germany subsequently lost under the 1918 Treaty of Versailles, including the Polish Corridor, Wielkopolska, as well as territories divided after plebiscites such as Upper Silesia, as ...
The demarcation line across the center of Poland was shifted to the east, giving Germany more Polish territory. [12] By this new and final arrangement – often described as a fourth partition of Poland, [2] the Soviet Union secured the lands east of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Bug and San. The area amounted to about 200,000 square kilometres ...
The Polish resistance movement in World War II was the largest in all of occupied Europe. [129] Resistance to the German occupation began almost at once and included guerrilla warfare . Centrally commanded military conspiratorial activity was started with the Service for Poland's Victory ( Służba Zwycięstwu Polski ) organization, established ...
"The Polish Army on the Eve of World War II," Polish Review (1981) 26#3 pp 54–64. in JSTOR; Garlicki, Andrzej. Józef Piłsudski, 1867-1935 (New York: Scolar Press 1995), scholarly biography; one-vol version of 4 vol Polish edition; Hetherington, Peter. Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe ...