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For instance, soils with a small amount of expansive clay minerals will not expand as much when exposed to moisture as a soil with a large amount of the same clay minerals. [5] If a soil is composed of at least 5 percent of these clay minerals by weight, it could have the ability to shrink and swell.
Waffle slab foundations adhere to International Building Code requirements. By 2008, most states put into effect the changes adopted in the 2006 IBC and, in regards to foundations, the on-grade mat foundation has become a more attractive design because, as an engineered system, it already accommodates the 2008 design recommendations, and required no major modifications to bring it into compliance.
Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. [1] Soils with a high content of expansive minerals can form deep cracks in drier seasons or years; such soils are called vertisols .
19 Determination of dry density of soils, in place by the core-cutter method.IS:2720 (Part.29) 1975 20 Laboratory vane shear test. IS:2720 (Part.30) 1980 21 Determination of the density in place by the ring and water replacement method.IS:2720 (Part.33) 1971 22 Determination of free swell index of soils IS: 2720 (Part. XI) 1977
Shallow foundations of a house versus the deep foundations of a skyscraper. Foundation with pipe fixtures coming through the sleeves. In engineering, a foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground or more rarely, water (as with floating structures), transferring loads from the structure to the ground.
The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) is a soil classification system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and grain size of a soil. The classification system can be applied to most unconsolidated materials, and is represented by a two-letter symbol. Each letter is described below (with the exception of Pt):
Soils with low clay content, or with no more than 15% non-expansive clay, are suitable for stabilized earth. [20] The clay percentage may be reduced by adding sand, if available. [21] If there is more than 15% clay it may take more than 10% cement to stabilize the soil, which adds to the cost. [20]
In geotechnical civil engineering, the p–y is a method of analyzing the ability of deep foundations to resist loads applied in the lateral direction. This method uses the finite difference method and p-y graphs to find a solution. P–y graphs are graphs which relate the force applied to soil to the lateral