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Benito Mussolini, dictator of Fascist Italy (left), and Adolf Hitler, dictator of Nazi Germany (right), were fascist leaders.. Fascism (/ ˈ f æ ʃ ɪ z əm / FASH-iz-əm) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement, [1] [2] [3] characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a ...
Classical liberal economist and philosopher Ludwig von Mises, in his 1927 book Liberalism, argued that fascism was a nationalist and militarist reaction against the rise of the communist Third International, in which the nationalists and militarists came to oppose the principles of liberal democracy because "Liberalism, they thought, stayed ...
Like fascism, Plato emphasized that individuals must adhere to laws and perform duties while declining to grant individuals rights to limit or reject state interference in their lives. [7] Like fascism, Plato also claimed that an ideal state would have state-run education that was designed to promote able rulers and warriors. [7]
Italian fascism opposed liberalism, especially classical liberalism, which fascist leaders denounced as "the debacle of individualism". [5] [6] Fascism was opposed to socialism because of the latter's frequent opposition to nationalism, [7] but it was also opposed to the reactionary conservatism developed by Joseph de Maistre. [8]
Moreover, Hitler found the practice counter to proper family development and displayed a puritanical view in Mein Kampf, writing: Prostitution is a disgrace to humanity and cannot be removed simply by charitable or academic methods. Its restriction and final extermination presupposes the removal of a whole series of contributory circumstances.
The earliest foundations of fascism in practice can be seen in the Italian Regency of Carnaro, [2] led by the Italian nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio, many of whose politics and aesthetics were subsequently used by Benito Mussolini and his Italian Fasces of Combat which Mussolini had founded as the Fasces of Revolutionary Action in 1914.
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Far-right ideologies have historically included fascism, Nazism, and Falangism, while contemporary manifestations also incorporate neo-fascism, neo-Nazism, white supremacy, and various other movements characterized by chauvinism, xenophobia, and theocratic or reactionary beliefs.