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The biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia, is not yet very well understood. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been identified as a proteopathy : a protein misfolding disease due to the accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in the brain . [ 1 ]
Alpha secretases are a family of proteolytic enzymes that cleave amyloid precursor protein (APP) in its transmembrane region.Specifically, alpha secretases cleave within the fragment that gives rise to the Alzheimer's disease-associated peptide amyloid beta when APP is instead processed by beta secretase and gamma secretase.
The usual age of onset of these two types is 55 to 60 years old. [2] Without treatment, life expectancy is between six months and four years. [2] In the developed world about one per 1,000 deaths are from systemic amyloidosis. [3] Amyloidosis has been described since at least 1639. [2]
To date, 37 human proteins have been found to form amyloid in pathology and be associated with well-defined diseases. [2] The International Society of Amyloidosis classifies amyloid fibrils and their associated diseases based upon associated proteins (for example ATTR is the group of diseases and associated fibrils formed by TTR). [3]
From the age of 60 years (10%) to the age of 80 years (60%), the proportion of people with senile plaques increases linearly. Women are slightly more likely to have plaques than are men. [45] [44] Both plaques and Alzheimer's disease also are more common in aging persons with trisomy-21 (Down syndrome).
With an estimated 6.9 million Americans aged 65 and older currently living with Alzheimer's disease, the road to a cure seems long and uncertain.. But as the year comes to a close, experts are ...
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with aging, which occurs both sporadically (the most common form of diagnosis) or due to familial passed mutations in genes associated with Alzheimer's pathology. [1] [2] Common symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease include: memory loss, confusion, and mood ...
The ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known as the channel hypothesis or the amyloid beta ion channel hypothesis, is a more recent variant of the amyloid hypothesis of AD, which identifies amyloid beta (Aβ) as the underlying cause of neurotoxicity seen in AD. [1]
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