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The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Édouard Chatton. The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon Monera was the five-kingdom classification system was established by Robert Whittaker in 1969.
The monera differs from the four other kingdoms as "members of the Monera have a prokaryotic cytology in which the cells lack membrane-bound organelles such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, nuclei, and complex flagella." [1] The bacteria can be divided into two major subkingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
This system changed with the study of metabolic phenotypes, where metabolic characteristics were used. [83] Recently, with the advent of molecular phylogeny, several genes are used to identify species, the most important of which is the 16S rRNA gene, followed by 23S , ITS region , gyrB and others to confirm a better resolution.
This article lists the genera of the bacteria.The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). [2]
One main characteristic of the three-domain method is the separation of Archaea and Bacteria, previously grouped into the single kingdom Bacteria (a kingdom also sometimes called Monera), [68] with the Eukaryota for all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus. [70]
The kingdom Monera can be divided into two distinct groups: eubacteria (true bacteria) and archaebacteria . In 1977 Carl Woese and George E. Fox established that archaebacteria (methanogens in their case) were genetically different (based on their ribosomal RNA genes) from bacteria so that life could be divided into three principle lineages ...
Schizophyte was a botanical classification proposed by Ferdinand Cohn to describe the class of primitive "plants" that reproduce solely by fission. [1] It has been considered synonymous with the Protophyta of Sachs and the Monera of Haeckel. [2]
Herbert Faulkner Copeland (May 21, 1902 – October 15, 1968) was an American biologist who contributed to the theory of biological kingdoms.He grouped unicellular organisms into two large kingdoms: the Monera kingdom and the Protista kingdom.