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The distributions of a wide variety of physical, biological, and human-made phenomena approximately follow a power law over a wide range of magnitudes: these include the sizes of craters on the moon and of solar flares, [2] cloud sizes, [3] the foraging pattern of various species, [4] the sizes of activity patterns of neuronal populations, [5] the frequencies of words in most languages ...
The concepts of fluid intelligence (g f) and crystallized intelligence (g c) were introduced in 1943 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] According to Cattell's psychometrically -based theory, general intelligence ( g ) is subdivided into g f and g c .
By inverse Fourier-Laplace transform, the potential due to each particle is the sum of two parts [2]: §4.1 One corresponds to the excitation of Langmuir waves by the particle, and the other one is its screened potential, as classically obtained by a linearized Vlasovian calculation involving a test particle.
A Newtonian fluid is a power-law fluid with a behaviour index of 1, where the shear stress is directly proportional to the shear rate: = These fluids have a constant viscosity, μ, across all shear rates and include many of the most common fluids, such as water, most aqueous solutions, oils, corn syrup, glycerine, air and other gases.
where ρ is the fluid density, and α = 1.32 C 2 = 2.97. [6] A mean-flow velocity gradient ( shear flow ) creates an additional, additive contribution to the inertial subrange pressure spectrum which varies as k −11/3 ; but the k −7/3 behavior is dominant at higher wavenumbers.
Estimating the power-law exponent of a scale-free network is typically done by using the maximum likelihood estimation with the degrees of a few uniformly sampled nodes. [14] However, since uniform sampling does not obtain enough samples from the important heavy-tail of the power law degree distribution, this method can yield a large bias and a ...
An inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating an image in X-ray computed tomography, source reconstruction in acoustics, or calculating the density of the Earth from measurements of its gravity field.
Perfect fluids are used in general relativity to model idealized distributions of matter, such as the interior of a star or an isotropic universe. In the latter case, the equation of state of the perfect fluid may be used in Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker equations to describe the evolution of the universe.