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Top surgery involves more than a mastectomy for the treatment of breast cancer. [1] Special techniques are used to contour and reduce the chest wall, position the nipples and areola, and minimize scarring. [1] If the breast size is small, surgery that spares the skin, nipple and areola (subcutaneous nipple-sparing mastectomy) may be performed ...
Top surgery refers to the surgical procedures on the breasts: Mammaplasty. Breast augmentation surgery; Breast reduction surgery; Mastectomy; Gender-affirming surgery. Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male), may include bilateral mastectomy and chest reconstruction; Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female), may include breast augmentation
All were performed by Harold Gillies, a New Zealand plastic surgeon, [5] who is sometimes referred to as "the father of modern plastic surgery." [6] It is possible this was the first top surgery performed. In the mid-1970s, Chicago surgeon Dr. Michael Brownstein (having graduated from UCSF) opened a plastic surgery practise in San Francisco. [7]
While most of the studies on top-surgery focuses on adults, and have found quality-of-life benefits, a very small study published by JAMA Pediatrics in September found that top surgery is ...
An important consideration in the decision to perform any surgical procedure is to weigh the benefits against the risks. Anesthesiologists and surgeons employ various methods in assessing whether a patient is in optimal condition from a medical standpoint prior to undertaking surgery, and various statistical tools are available.
Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery covers a wide range of specialties, including craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of ...
Complications: A Surgeon's Notes on an Imperfect Science is a nonfiction book collection of essays written by the American surgeon Atul Gawande. Gawande wrote this during his general surgery residency at Brigham and Women's Hospital and was published in 2002 by Picador . [ 1 ]
Intersex medical interventions (IMI), sometimes known as intersex genital mutilations (IGM), [1] are surgical, hormonal and other medical interventions performed to modify atypical or ambiguous genitalia and other sex characteristics, primarily for the purposes of making a person's appearance more typical and to reduce the likelihood of future problems.