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CD68 immunostaining demonstrating macrophages and giant cells in a case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis CD68 ( C luster of D ifferentiation 68) is a protein highly expressed by cells in the monocyte lineage (e.g., monocytic phagocytes , osteoclasts ), by circulating macrophages , and by tissue macrophages (e.g., Kupffer cells , microglia ).
The American Cancer Society reports 5-year relative survival rates of over 70% for women with stage 0-III breast cancer with a 5-year relative survival rate close to 100% for women with stage 0 or stage I breast cancer. The 5-year relative survival rate drops to 22% for women with stage IV breast cancer. [3]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 29 January 2025. Cancer that originates in mammary glands Medical condition Breast cancer An illustration of breast cancer Specialty Surgical Oncology Symptoms A lump in a breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, a red scaly patch of skin on ...
Medullary breast carcinoma is a rare type of breast cancer [1] that is characterized as a relatively circumscribed tumor [2] with pushing, rather than infiltrating, margins. It is histologically characterized as poorly differentiated cells with abundant cytoplasm and pleomorphic high grade vesicular nuclei. [ 3 ]
Breast cancer can metastasize anywhere in body but primarily metastasizes to the bone, lungs, regional lymph nodes, liver and brain, with the most common site being the bone. [4] Treatment of metastatic breast cancer depends on location of the metastatic tumors and includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biological, and hormonal therapy. [5]
The underlying purpose of staging is to describe the extent or severity of an individual's cancer, and to bring together cancers that have similar prognosis and treatment. [22] Staging of breast cancer is one aspect of breast cancer classification that assists in making appropriate treatment choices, when considered along with other ...
In the early days of insulin treatment for type 1 diabetes there was much debate as to whether strict control of hyperglycaemia would delay or prevent the long-term complications of diabetes. The work of Pirart [ 50 ] suggested that microvascular complications of diabetes were less likely to occur in individuals with better glycaemic control.
This means that if breast cancer metastasizes to the lungs, the secondary tumor is made up of abnormal breast cells, not of abnormal lung cells. The tumor in the lung is then called metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer. Metastasis is a key element in cancer staging systems such as the TNM staging system, where it represents the "M".