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It is known (and substantial fragments of it are preserved) because it was used by Nicetas Byzantius, a scholar from Constantinople, in his 'Refutatio' written between 855 and 870. [ 2 ] Although not existing today, a Sindhi translation was completed in 884 in Alwar (present-day Sindh , Pakistan ), which had been commissioned by Abdullah bin ...
"The oldest surviving vernacular literature is in the Dravidian language, Tamil, which includes works possible as old as the first century of the Christian Era. The best known classical Tamil work is the Kural ('Aphoristic Stanzas') by the weaver Thiruvalluvar, who lived sometime between the first and fifth centuries of the Christian Era." [8]
Beschi, the earliest known translator of the Kural text Tamil Wisdom, by Edward Jewitt Robinson, 1873 [1]. The Kural text, considered to have been written in the 1st century BCE, [2] remained unknown to the outside world for close to one and a half millennia.
In his 1969 book, C. Dandapani Desikar cites the work Studies in Tamil Literature, which lists several historical evidences about Valluvar's period: [4] Elaela Singan Chettiyar , historically known as a contemporary and friend of Valluvar, who has been mentioned as Elaela and Alara in Ceylon history , lived between 144 BCE and 101 BCE.
In 1968, the Tamil Nadu government made it mandatory to display a Kural couplet in all government buses. The train running a distance of 2,921 kilometers between Kanyakumari and New Delhi is named by the Indian Railways as the Thirukural Express. [272] The Kural is part of Tamil people's everyday life across the global Tamil diaspora. K.
Tamil Wisdom, by Edward Jewitt Robinson, 1873 [1]. Tirukkural remains one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. As of 2014, there were at least 57 versions available in the English language alone.
Tiruvalluva Malai is a collection of verses said to have been composed by gods, goddesses, and poets of different times, all belonging to the legendary Tamil Sangam at Madurai. [3] [16] A total of 55 poets have composed their encomia in 55 verse in the collection, all written several centuries after the composition of the Kural text. [17]
Veṇpā is a closely related family of very strict [6] Tamil verse forms. They differ chiefly in the number of standard lines that occur before the final short line. In kuṟaḷ-veṇpā (or simply "kural") a single 4-foot ("standard") line is followed by a final 3-foot ("short") line, resulting in a 7-foot couplet. [7]