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ILS planes. An instrument landing system operates as a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision lateral and vertical guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or reduced ...
An approach plate for the ILS or LOC approach to runway 14L at Cologne Bonn Airport, Germany.. Approach plates (or, more formally, instrument approach procedure charts) are the printed or digital charts of instrument approach procedures that pilots use to fly instrument approaches during instrument flight rules (IFR) operations.
An "approach plate" depicting an instrument approach procedure for an ILS approach to Tacoma Narrows Airport in the United StatesIn aviation, an instrument approach or instrument approach procedure (IAP) is a series of predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an aircraft operating under instrument flight rules from the beginning of the initial approach to a landing, or to a point ...
Localizer as component of an ILS (KMEZ runway 27, Mena, Arkansas) Emission patterns of the localizer and glide path signals. An instrument landing system localizer, or simply localizer (LOC, [1] or LLZ prior to 2007 [2]), is a system of horizontal guidance in the instrument landing system, which is used to guide aircraft along the axis of the runway.
Approach category definitions in the United States of America are similar to those defined by ICAO. They are defined in terms of V REF of a given aircraft, or if V REF is not specified, 1.3 V s0 at the maximum certificated landing weight.
A back course marker (BC) normally indicates the ILS back-course final-approach fix where approach descent is commenced. It is identified by pairs of Morse-code "dots" at 3000 Hz (95 pairs per minute), which will trigger the white light on a marker beacon indicator, but with a different audio rhythm from an inner marker or en-route marker.
The cockpit of a Slingsby T-67 Firefly two-seat light airplane.The flight instruments are visible on the left of the instrument panel. Flight instruments are the instruments in the cockpit of an aircraft that provide the pilot with data about the flight situation of that aircraft, such as altitude, airspeed, vertical speed, heading and much more other crucial information in flight.
The PAPI can be seen to the right (non-standard) side of the runway. The aircraft is slightly below the glideslope. A precision approach path indicator (PAPI) is a system of lights on the side of an airport runway threshold that provides visual descent guidance information during final approach.