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  2. Dynamic and formal equivalence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_equivalence...

    In semantics, the best-known types of semantic equivalence are dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence (two terms coined by Eugene Nida), which employ translation approaches that focus, respectively, on conveying the meaning of the source text; and that lend greater importance to preserving, in the translation, the literal structure of the source text.

  3. Domestication and foreignization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_and_foreigni...

    According to Lawrence Venuti, every translator should look at the translation process through the prism of culture which refracts the source language cultural norms and it is the translator’s task to convey them, preserving their meaning and their foreignness, to the target-language text. Every step in the translation process—from the ...

  4. Cross-language information retrieval - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-language_information...

    The term Multilingual Information Retrieval (MLIR) involves the study of systems that accept queries for information in various languages and return objects (text, and other media) of various languages, translated into the user's language.

  5. Translanguaging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translanguaging

    Collaborative translation [53] can also contribute to translanguaging because many participants can translate simultaneously in the same document. This technique is fundamental because learners can utilize all the language knowledge, they have from their first, second or third language to input and expand knowledge in several areas.

  6. Machine translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation

    Machine translation is use of computational techniques to translate text or speech from one language to another, including the contextual, idiomatic and pragmatic nuances of both languages. Early approaches were mostly rule-based or statistical. These methods have since been superseded by neural machine translation [1] and large language models ...

  7. Sense-for-sense translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense-for-sense_translation

    He stated that semantic translation is one that is source language bias, literal and faithful to the source text and communicative translation is target language bias, free and idiomatic. [20] A semantic translation's goal is to stay as close as possible to the semantic and syntactic structures of the source language, allowing the exact ...

  8. Compose and send emails in AOL Mail

    help.aol.com/articles/aol-mail-compose-and-contacts

    2. In the "To" field, type the name or email address of your contact. 3. In the "Subject" field, type a brief summary of the email. 4. Type your message in the body of the email. 5. Click Send. Want to write your message using the full screen? Click the Expand email icon at the top of the message.

  9. Untranslatability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untranslatability

    Untranslatability is the property of text or speech for which no equivalent can be found when translated into another (given) language. A text that is considered to be untranslatable is considered a lacuna, or lexical gap. The term arises when describing the difficulty of achieving the so-called perfect translation.